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Description

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Undercover operation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Undercover agent" redirects here. For the 1939 film, see
Undercover Agent
.
Portrait of
Eugène François Vidocq
, pioneering criminologist and the founder of one of the first undercover police units in the early
19th century
.
To go "
undercover
" is to avoid detection by the entity one is observing, and especially to
disguise
one's own identity or use an assumed identity for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization to learn or confirm confidential information or to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gather information or evidence. Traditionally, it is a technique employed by
law enforcement agencies
or
private investigators
, and a person who works in such a role is commonly referred to as an
undercover agent
.
Contents
1
History
2
Risks
3
Plainclothes law enforcement
4
Controversies
5
See also
6
References
7
Further reading
7.1
Documentaries
7.2
Print
History
Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but
Eugène François Vidocq
(1775-1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late
First Empire
through most of the
Bourbon Restoration
period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the
Brigade
de la
Sûreté
("Security Brigade"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the
Prefecture of Police
. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.
[1]
Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old
cuckold
. At one point, he even simulated his own death.
[2]
In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir
Robert Peel
as the
Metropolitan Police
of
London
. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official
Police Orders
required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the
superintendent
. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner
Edmund Henderson
established a formal plainclothes detective division.
[3]
Special Branch
detectives on an undercover operation at the
London Docks
, 1911.
The first
Special Branch
of police was the
Special Irish Branch
, formed as a section of the
Criminal Investigation Department
of the
MPS
in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the
Irish Republican Brotherhood
had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in
counter-terrorism
techniques.
Its name was changed to
Special Branch
as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating
organized crime
.
Law enforcement agencies
elsewhere established similar Branches.
[4]
In the
United States
, a similar route was taken when the
New York City Police Department
under
police commissioner
William McAdoo
established the Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods.
[5]
Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards –
Charles Joseph Bonaparte
founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
, in 1908.
[6]
[7]
Secret police
forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.
[8]
The X-Files
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from
X-files
)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
This article is about the television series. For the franchise, see
The X-Files (franchise)
. For other uses, see
The X-Files (disambiguation)
.
The X-Files
Genre
Science fiction
[1]
Horror
[1]
Drama
[2]
Mystery
[3]
Thriller
[4]
Supernatural fiction
[5]
Occult detective fiction
Created by
Chris Carter
Starring
David Duchovny
Gillian Anderson
Robert Patrick
Annabeth Gish
Mitch Pileggi
Music by
Mark Snow
Country of origin
United States
Original language
English
No.
of seasons
11
No.
of episodes
218
(
list of episodes
)
Production
Executive producers
Chris Carter
R. W. Goodwin
Howard Gordon
Frank Spotnitz
Vince Gilligan
John Shiban
Kim Manners
Glen Morgan
James Wong
Michelle MacLaren
Michael W. Watkins
David Greenwalt
Production locations
Vancouver
(seasons 1–5, 10–11)
Los Angeles
(seasons 6–9)
Cinematography
John Bartley
Bill Roe
Joel Ransom
Jon Joffin
Craig Wrobleski
Ron Stannett
Thomas Del Ruth
Running time
43–48 minutes
Production companies
Ten Thirteen Productions
20th Century Fox Television
Distributor
20th Television
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Release
Original network
Fox
Picture format
480i
(original broadcast)
480i
(DVD seasons 5–9)
HDTV
1080p
(2014 remaster, season 10–11)
Audio format
Dolby Surround
2.0 (original broadcast)
Dolby Digital
5.1 (2014 remaster;
Descriptive Video Service
over
SAP
season 10–11)
Original release
September 10, 1993 –
May 19, 2002
(original series)
January 24, 2016 – March 21, 2018
(revival)
Chronology
Related shows
Millennium
(1996–1999)
The Lone Gunmen
(2001)
The X-Files
is an American
science fiction
drama
television series created by
Chris Carter
. The original television series aired from September 10, 1993 to May 19, 2002 on
Fox.
The program spanned
nine seasons, with 202 episodes
. A short
tenth season
consisting of six episodes premiered on January 24, 2016, and concluded on February 22, 2016. Following the ratings success of this
revival
,
The X-Files
returned for an
eleventh season
of ten episodes, which premiered on January 3, 2018, and concluded on March 21, 2018. In addition to the television series, two
feature films
have been released: The 1998 film
The X-Files
, which took place as part of the TV series continuity, and the stand-alone film
The X-Files: I Want to Believe
, released in 2008, six years after the original television run had ended.
The series revolves around
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) special agents
Fox Mulder
(
David Duchovny
), and
Dana Scully
(
Gillian Anderson
) who investigate
X-Files
: marginalized, unsolved cases involving
paranormal
phenomena. Mulder believes in the existence of aliens and the paranormal while Scully, a medical doctor and a skeptic, is assigned to scientifically analyze Mulder's discoveries, offer alternate rational theories to his work, and thus return him to mainstream cases. Early in the series, both agents become pawns in a larger conflict and come to trust only each other and a few select people. The agents also discover an agenda of the government to keep the existence of
extraterrestrial life
a secret. They develop a close relationship which begins as a
platonic
friendship, but becomes a romance by the end of the series. In addition to the series-spanning
story arc
, "
monster of the week
" episodes form roughly two-thirds of all episodes.
The X-Files
was inspired by earlier television series which featured elements of suspense and speculative fiction, including
The Twilight Zone
,
Night Gallery
,
Tales from the Darkside
,
Twin Peaks
, and especially
Kolchak: The Night Stalker
. When creating the main characters, Carter sought to reverse
gender stereotypes
by making Mulder a believer and Scully a skeptic. The first seven seasons featured Duchovny and Anderson equally. In the eighth and ninth seasons, Anderson took precedence while Duchovny appeared intermittently. New main characters were introduced: FBI agents
John Doggett
(
Robert Patrick
) and
Monica Reyes
(
Annabeth Gish
). Mulder and Scully's boss, Assistant Director
Walter Skinner
(
Mitch Pileggi
), also became a main character. The first five seasons of
The X-Files
were filmed and produced in
Vancouver
,
British Columbia
, before eventually moving to Los Angeles to accommodate Duchovny. The series later returned to Vancouver to film
The X-Files: I Want to Believe
as well as the tenth and eleventh seasons of the series.
Space force
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
For other uses, see
Space Force (disambiguation)
.
Delta insignia
of the
United States Space Force
, which, as of 2021, is the world's only independent space force.
A
space force
is a
military branch
of a nation's
armed forces
that conducts military operations in
outer space
and
space warfare
. The world's first and, as of 2021, only independent space force is the
United States Space Force
, established on 20 December 2019. The
Russian Federation
previously had the
Russian Space Forces
organized as independent troops (
rod
) from 1992 to 1997 and 2001 to 2011, however it was not organized as a military service (
vid
).
[1]
[2]
Countries with smaller or developing space forces may combine their air and space forces under a single military branch, such as in the
Russian Aerospace Forces
,
French Air and Space Force
, or Iranian
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force
, or put them in an independent defense agency, such as the
Russian Space Forces
from 1992-1997 and 2001-2011 or the Indian
Defence Space Agency
. The People's Republic of China organizes its space forces as part of the
People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
, a combined information warfare service branch. Countries with nascent military space capabilities usually organize them within their
air forces
.
[3]
History
Emblem of the
Russian Space Forces
, which were previously independent troops from 1992 to 1997 and from 2001 to 2011.
Emblem of the
People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
, which includes China's space forces.
The first artificial object to cross the
Kármán line
, the boundary between air and space, was
MW 18014
, an
A-4 rocket
launched by the German
Heer
on 20 June 1944 from the
Peenemünde Army Research Center
. The A4, more commonly known as the V-2, was the world's first
ballistic missile
, used by the
Wehrmacht
to launch long range attacks on the
Allied Forces
on the
Western Front
during the
Second World War
. However the designer of the A4,
Wernher von Braun
, had aspirations to use them as space launch vehicles. In both the United States and the Soviet Union, military space development began immediately after the Second World War concluded, with Wernher von Braun defecting to the Allies and both superpowers gathering V-2 rockets, research materials, and German scientists to jumpstart their own ballistic missile and space programs.
[4]
In the United States, there was a fierce
interservice rivalry
between the
U.S. Air Force
and
U.S. Army
over which service would gain responsibility for the military space program, with the Air Force, which had started developing its space program while it was the
Army Air Forces
in 1945, seeing space operations as an extension of their
strategic airpower
mission, while the Army argued that
ballistic missiles
were an extension of
artillery
. The Navy also developed rockets as well, but primarily for
Naval Research Laboratory
projects, rather than an seeking to actively develop an operational space capability. Ultimately, the Air Force's space rivals in the
Army Ballistic Missile Agency
,
Naval Research Laboratory
, and
Advanced Research Projects Agency
were absorbed by
NASA
when it was created in 1958, leaving it as the only major military space organization within the U.S. Department of Defense. In 1954, General Bernard Schriever established the
Western Development Division
within
Air Research and Development Command
, becoming the U.S. military's first space organization, which continues to exist in the U.S. Space Force as the
Space and Missile Systems Center
, its research and development center.
List of space forces, units, and formations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from
List of space forces
)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
This is a
list of
space forces
, units, and formations
that identifies the current and historical antecedents and insignia for the military space arms of countries fielding an space component, whether an independent space force, multinational commands, joint command, or as a part of another military service.
Contents
1
Independent space forces
2
Joint and multinational space commands
3
Service space units, formations, and agencies
4
Former countries
5
See also
6
Notes
7
References
Independent space forces
Star Trek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from
Star trek
)
Jump to navigation
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This article is about the franchise. For the original television series, see
Star Trek: The Original Series
. For other uses, see
Star Trek (disambiguation)
.
Star Trek
Logo as it appears in
The Original Series
Created by
Gene Roddenberry
Original work
Star Trek: The Original Series
Owned by
ViacomCBS
Print publications
Book(s)
List of fictional works
List of reference books
List of technical manuals
Novel(s)
List of novels
Comics
List of comics
Magazine(s)
Star Trek Magazine
[a]
(1995–present)
Star Trek: The Magazine
(1999–2003)
Films and television
Film(s)
The Original Series
films
The Motion Picture
(1979)
II: The Wrath of Khan
(1982)
III: The Search for Spock
(1984)
IV: The Voyage Home
(1986)
V: The Final Frontier
(1989)
VI: The Undiscovered Country
(1991)
The Next Generation
films
Generations
(1994)
First Contact
(1996)
Insurrection
(1998)
Nemesis
(2002)
Reboot (
Kelvin
Timeline) films
Star Trek
(2009)
Into Darkness
(2013)
Beyond
(2016)
Television series
Broadcast television series
The Original Series
(1966–1969)
The Next Generation
(1987–1994)
Deep Space Nine
(1993–1999)
Voyager
(1995–2001)
Enterprise
(2001–2005)
Streaming series
Discovery
(2017–present)
Picard
(2020–present)
Untitled Section 31 show
(upcoming)
Strange New Worlds
(upcoming)
Animated series
The Animated Series
(1973–1974)
Lower Decks
(2020–present)
Prodigy
(upcoming)
Television short(s)
Short Treks
(2018–2020)
Games
Traditional
List of games
Miscellaneous
Theme park attraction(s)
Star Trek Adventure
Star Trek: The Experience
Exhibits
Star Trek: The Exhibition
Star Trek: Exploring New Worlds
Star Trek
is an American
science fiction
media franchise
originating from the 1960s
television series
Star Trek
, created by
Gene Roddenberry
. That series, now often known as "
The Original Series
"
, debuted on September 8, 1966, and aired for three seasons on
NBC
. It followed the voyages of the
starship USS
Enterprise
, a space exploration vessel built by the
United Federation of Planets
in the 23rd century, on a mission "to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before". In creating
Star Trek
, Roddenberry was inspired by
C. S. Forester
's
Horatio Hornblower
series of novels,
Jonathan Swift
's
1726 novel
Gulliver's Travels
, the 1956 film
Forbidden Planet
, and television
westerns
such as
Wagon Train
.
The
Star Trek
canon
includes the
Original Series
, nine spin-off television series, and
a film franchise
; further adaptations also exist in several media. After the conclusion of the
Original Series
, the adventures of its characters continued in the 22-episode
Star Trek: The Animated Series
and six feature films. A television revival beginning in the 1980s saw three sequel series and a prequel:
Star Trek: The Next Generation
, following the crew of a new starship
Enterprise
a century after the original series;
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
and
Star Trek: Voyager
, set in the same era as the
Next Generation
; and
Enterprise
, set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel. The adventures of the
Next Generation
crew continued in four additional feature films. In 2009, the film franchise underwent a
reboot
, creating an alternate continuity known as the
Kelvin
timeline; three films have been set in this continuity. The newest
Star Trek
television revival, beginning in 2017, includes the series
Star Trek: Discovery
,
Picard
,
Short Treks
, and
Lower Decks
,
streaming
exclusively on digital platforms. At least two additional television series are in development:
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds
[1]
[2]
and
Star Trek: Prodigy
.
[3]
Star Trek
has been a
cult phenomenon
for decades.
[4]
Fans of the franchise are called "
Trekkies
" or "Trekkers". The franchise spans a wide range of
spin-offs
including
games
, figurines,
novels
, toys, and
comics
. From 1998 to 2008, there was
a
Star Trek
–themed attraction
in
Las Vegas
. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world. The
constructed language
Klingon
was created for the franchise. Several parodies have been made of
Star Trek
. In addition, viewers have produced several
fan productions
. As of December 1998, the franchise had generated .8 billion in revenue,
[
needs update
]
making
Star Trek
one of the
highest-grossing media franchises of all time
.
[5]
Star Trek
is noted for
its cultural influence
beyond works of science fiction.
[6]
The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances.
[7]
The Original Series
included one of television's first multiracial casts.
Country
Current
Service
Indigenous name
Former
Established
United States
United States Space Force
[1]
2019
Air Force Space Command
[1]
1982–2019
Space Command
[2]
1982–1985
Strategic Air Command
[3]
1963–1984
[a]
Fourteenth Aerospace Force
,
Aerospace Defense Command
[3]
1968–1979
[b]
9th Aerospace Defense Division
,
Air Defense Command
[3]
1960–1968
[c]
Space and Missile Systems Center
,
Air Force Materiel Command
[3]
1992–2001
[d]
Space Systems Division
,
Air Force Systems Command
[3]
1989–1992
[e]
Space Division
,
Air Force Systems Command
[3]
1979–1989
Space and Missile Systems Organization
,
Air Force Systems Command
[3]
1967–1979
Space Systems Division
,
Air Force Systems Command
[3]
1961–1967
Air Force Ballistic Missile Organization
,
Air Research and Development Command
[3]
1957–1961
Western Development Division
,
Air Research and Development Command
[3]
1954–1957